M系列调制叶绿素荧光成像系统IMAGING-PAM

简要描述：全叶片荧光成像，精确到每个像素，光合作用横向异质性分析，多达17个荧光参数，测量荧光诱导、暗弛豫、光响应曲线等，代表了调制叶绿素荧光技术的未来发展趋势。

更新日期：2025-08-12
访问量： 12377

产品分类

Product Category

详细介绍

传统的光纤型调制荧光仪（如pam-2100、mini-pam等）只能测量叶片上一个点的光合活性。利用一个点的数据代表一个叶片，利用一个叶片代表一个植株，进而代表一个群体（如森林、大田作物等），这种方法的误差是比较大的。

从1980年代末期开始，科研人员就期望能通过成像型荧光仪来测量全叶片光合活性，并进行了不懈的尝试，但受技术上的限制，所设计的仪器无法商品化或商品化了但得不到大家认可。其中一个很重要的原因就是能够发出饱和脉冲水平强光的二极管（led）尚未面世。要利用调制荧光技术测量全叶片水平的光合作用，首先要保证叶片上任何一点所接受到的光强必须是*相同的。调制荧光技术要求光源必须能发出很强的饱和脉冲光。卤素灯能发出很强的光，但其光场非常不均匀，根本不能用于成像！装在一个平面上的led阵列发出的光很均匀，但在2000年前，能发出*光合有效辐射（par）的led根本没有面世！

2000年，能发出*par的蓝光led面世。2001年，zui的调制荧光仪制造商德国walz公司设计制造了真正的*台多功能调制荧光成像系统imaging-pam。imaging-pam采用*发光led作为光源，保证叶片表明受光均匀且光强足够强；imaging-pam采用ccd作为检测器，能检测叶片上每个像素的光合作用；imaging-pam秉承了walz公司pam系列荧光仪的一贯优点，功能强大，测量参数多，操作极其简单，一面世就受到植物学家的青睐，迅速占领市场。

2005年，walz又推出了m系列imaging-pam，一个主机可以连接不同的探头（microscopy-，micro-，mini-和maxi-探头），分别在130×150 um、3.5×4.5 mm、24×32 mm或10×13 cm的面积上测量荧光成像。现在，只需一个主机连接不同的探头，即可满足从单细胞到全叶片，从分子生物学到生态学研究的全面需要。

m系列imaging-pam不同版本的比较

maxi-版	mini-版	micro-版	microscopy-版





成像面积10×13 cm	成像面积24×32 mm	成像面积3.5×4.5 mm	成像面积130×150 um

放大1.5倍	放大6倍	放大45倍	放大130-1300倍

功能
＊一个主机连接不同的探头可满足从单细胞到全叶片、从分子生物学到生态学的不同需求
＊全叶片光合作用分析（荧光成像），可测荧光诱导曲线并进行淬灭分析
＊可测快速光响应曲线（120 s内完成，比光合放氧和气体交换等技术快得多）
＊叶片光合作用的横向异质性检测
＊ *相同的条件下同时测量多个样品（植物、地衣、苔藓、微藻等）
＊遗传育种、突变株筛选的强大工具
＊不同的测量面积，不同的分辨率
＊可利用多孔板（如96孔板）做多个微藻样品的同时成像
＊胁迫损伤的早期检测
＊不连接显微镜即可测量绿色荧光蛋白（gfp）荧光
＊可测量叶片吸光系数

测量参数

＊以上所有参数均可成像
＊吸光系数abs和新参数ql、y(npq)和y(no)的成像是imaging-pam*的
＊生态毒理学研究中，选一个参考点，可以直接求出其它处理（如农药）的受抑制程度inh.

各种荧光参数的成像是将0.0（黑色）至1.0（紫色）的数值转换成颜色来显示的。

应用范围

＊环境科学
＊水生生物学
＊海洋与湖沼学
＊生态毒理学
＊园艺学
＊农业科学
＊林学

dcmu在叶片中的渗透过程

m系列imaging-pam不同版本介绍

maxi-版
大探头，成像面积10×13 cm

调制荧光成像系统的maxi-探头利用300 w的led阵列，可以在10×13 cm的面积上提供均为的调制测量光、光化光和饱和脉冲光。该探头的支架上配备特制护眼遮光罩，可以在保护眼睛的同时观测到红色荧光的变化。

walz提供两种数码相机ccd供选择。用户若需要高清晰度，推荐选择imag-max/k[2/3" chip, 1392×1040象素， 4象素组合（binning）技术]。标准应用可选择imag-max/k2（1/2", 640×480象素），可与imag-max/k2z物镜（f1.0/f=8-48mm）结合使用。


测量盆栽植物	测量离体叶片	测量微藻样品	新增镜头可调放大倍数


y(npq)	ps/50	f	96个微藻样品成像

mini-版
小探头，成像面积24×32 mm

调制荧光成像系统的mini-探头采用强大的luxeon led阵列，包括4组（每组3个）led，均配有长波截止滤光片。配备8个红光（650 nm）和8个近红外（780 nm）led，用于测量叶片吸光系数的成像。

3种版本可选：
imag-min/b：蓝光，450 nm，测量叶片等；
imag-min/r：红光，620 nm，测量蓝藻；
imag-min/gfp：蓝光，480 nm，测量绿色荧光蛋白（gfp）

由于mini-探头的便携式设计，使其特别适合野外应用。由于mini-探头的成像面积仅为maxi-探头的1/16，因而前者发出的zui大光强更大，但耗电却小得多。mini-探头可以安装在光合仪gfs-3000的叶室3010-s上，同步测量全叶片气体交换和荧光成像，并且其光源可由gfs-3000控制，达到真正的同步测量。
mini-探头采用1/3"数码相机ccd（640×480象素）和f1.2/f=12mm物镜。其设计目的为测量固定距离下的荧光成像。


与光合仪gfs-3000连用	长时间测量可装在三角架上	fm	qn

micro-版
微探头，成像面积3.5×4.5 mm

调制荧光成像系统的micro-探头是一个极便携的探头，采用整合式cosmicar-pentax cctv物镜（f1.4/f=16mm），直接安装在数码ccd（1/3" chip, 640×480像素）上。

micro-探头只配备一个luxeon led（蓝光，450 nm）和一个特制双色分光镜，类似于落射荧光显微镜。

尽管成像面积只有3.5×4.5 mm，但45倍的放大率却允许对叶片荧光成像的异质性分析达到支脉（minor veins）级。同时还可提供一个特制版本用于测量gfp的成像。

micro-探头还可安装在标准版imaging-pam（2001年设计）主机上。该探头提供x-y轴可调的样品台。其设计目的为测量固定距离下的荧光成像。


fo	gfp成像	微探头直接安装在ccd上

microscopy-版
显微探头，成像面积130×150 um

必须与特制落射荧光显微镜（hund或zeiss）结合使用，该显微镜可以提供激发光并检测荧光

imag-max/k（数码相机ccd）[1392×1040象素，4象素组合（binning）技术]可以提供高灵敏度。

探头标准配置是一个*luxeon led（450-480 nm），用于提供测量光、光化光和饱和脉冲。目前已可提供rgb探头（红-绿-蓝-白led光源），它采用了phyto-pam技术，可以显微镜下自动对蓝藻、绿藻、硅/甲藻、红藻进行分类并测量光合作用。


分类，红色为硅藻，绿色为丝状绿藻	光合，fv/fm活性，可区分细胞不同部位的活性

部分文献
1. abrego d, ulstrup ke, willis bl, van oppen mjh: species–specific interactions between algal endosymbionts and coral hosts define their bleaching response to heat and light stress proc. r. soc. lond. b 2008;275:2273-2282.
2. abreu me, munné-bosch s: hyponastic leaf growth decreases the photoprotective demand, prevents damage to photosystem ii and delays leaf senescence in salvia broussonetii plants. physiologia plantarum 2008;134:369-379.
3. abreu me, munné-bosch s: salicylic acid may be involved in the regulation of drought-induced leaf senescence in perennials: a case study in field-grown salvia officinalis l. plants environmental and experimental botany 2008:in press.
4. ainsworth td, hoegh-guldberg o, heron sf, skirving wj, leggat w: early cellular changes are indicators of pre-bleaching thermal stress in the coral host journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 2008;364:63-71.
5. ali na, juneau p, didur o, perreault f, popovic r: effect of dichromate on photosystem ii activity in xanthophylldeficient mutants of chlamydomonas reinhardtii. photosynthesis research 2008;95:45-53.
6. calatayud á, gorbe e, roca d, martínez pf: effect of two nutrient solution temperatures on nitrate uptake, nitrate reductase activity, nh4+ concentration and chlorophyll a fluorescence in rose plants environmental and experimental botany 2008:in press.
7. ehlert b, hincha dk: chlorophyll fluorescence imaging accuray quantifies freezing damage and cold acclimation responses in arabidopsis leaves. plant methods 2008;4:1-7.
8. escher bi, bramaz n, mueller jf, quayle p, rutishauser s, vermeirssen elm: toxic equivalent concentrations (teqs) for baseline toxicity and specific modes of action as a tool to improve interpretation of ecotoxicity testing of environmental samples. journal of environmental monitoring 2008;10:612-621.
9. escher bi, bramaz n, quayle p, rutishauser s, vermeirssen elm: monitoring of the ecotoxicological hazard potential by polar organic micropollutants in sewage treatment plants and surface waters using a mode-of-action based test battery. journal of environmental monitoring 2008;10:622-631.
10. garbary dj, miller ag, scrosati r, kim k-y, schofield wb: distribution and salinity tolerance of intertidal mosses from nova scotian salt marshes the bryologist 2008;111:282-191.
11. guidi l, degl’innocenti e: ozone effects on high light-induced photoinhibition in phaseolus vulgaris plant science 2008;174:590-596.
12. hall-spencer jm, rodolfo-metalpa r, martin s, ransome e, fine m, turner sm, rowley sj, tedesco d, buia m-c: volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. nature 2008;454:96-99.
13. hideg é: a comparative study of fluorescent singlet oxygen probes in plant leaves central european journal of biology 2008;3:272-284.
14. horst rj, engelsdorf t, sonnewald u, voll lm: infection of maize leaves with ustilago maydis prevents establishment of c4 photosynthesis. journal of plant physiology 2008;165:19-28.
15. krupenina na, bulychev aa, roelfsema mrg, schreiber u: action potential in chara cells intensifies spatial patterns of photosynthetic electron flow and non-photochemical quenching in parallel with inhibition of ph banding. photochemical & photobiological sciences 2008;7:681-688.
16. kuckenberg j, tartachnyk i, noga g: evaluation of fluorescence and remission techniques for monitoring changes in peel chlorophyll and internal fruit characteristics in sunlit and shaded sides of apple fruit during shelf-life postharvest biology and technology 2008;48:231-241.
17. lange pr, geserick c, tischendorf g, zrenner r: functions of chloroplastic adenylate kinases in arabidopsis. plant physiology 2008;146:492-504.
18. lehr n-a, schrey sd, hampp r, tarkka mt: root inoculation with a forest soil streptomycete leads to locally and systemically increased resistance against phytopathogens in norway spruce. new phytologist 2008;177:965-976.
19. liu n, lin z-f, lin g-z, peng c-l, pan x-p, chen s-w: spectral reflectance parameters and pigment functions during leaf ontogenesis in six subtropical landscape plants. plant growth regulation 2008:in press.
20. lu y, savage lj, ajjawi i, imre km, yoder dw, benning c, dellapenna d, ohlrogge jb, osteryoung kw, weber ap, wilkerson cg, last rl: new connections across pathways and cellular processes: industrialized mutant screening reveals novel associations between diverse phenotypes in arabidopsis. plant physiology 2008;146:1482-1500.
21. magnusson m, heimann k, negri ap: comparative effects of herbicides on photosynthesis and growth of tropical estuarine microalgae marine pollution bulletin 2008;56:1545-1552.
22. massacci a, nabiev sm, pietrosanti l, nematov sk, chernikova tn, leipner ktaj: response of the photosynthetic apparatus of cotton (gossypium hirsutum) to the onset of drought stress under field conditions studied by gas-exchange analysis and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging plant physiology and biochemistry 2008;46:189-195.
23. middlebrook r, hoegh-guldberg o, leggat w: the effect of thermal history on the susceptibility of reef-building corals to thermal stress. journal of experimental biology 2008;211:1050-1056.
24. muller r, schreiber u, escher bi, quayle p, nash smb, mueller jf: rapid exposure assessment of psii herbicides in surface water using a novel chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging assay science of the total environment 2008;401:1-3.
25. nicolaisen k, moslavac s, samborski a, valdebenito m, hantke k, maldener i, muro-pastor am, flores e, schleiff e: alr0397 is an outer membrane transporter for the siderophore schizokinen in anabaena sp. strain pcc 7120. journal of bacteriology 2008:in press.
26. pieruschka r, chavarria-krauser a, cloos k, scharr h, schurr u, jahnke s: photosynthesis can be enhanced by lateral co2 diffusion inside leaves over distances of several millimeters. new phytologist 2008;178:335-347.
27. rentzou a, psaras gk: green plastids, maximal psii photochemical efficiency and starch content of inner stem tissues of three mediterranean woody species during the year flora 2008;203:350-357.
28. roff g, kvennefors ece, ulstrup ke, fine m, hoegh-guldberg o: coral disease physiology: the impact of acroporid white syndrome on symbiodinium coral reefs 2008;27:373-377.
29. roff g, ulstrup ke, fine m, ralph pj, hoegh-guldberg o: spatial heterogeneity of photosynthetic activity within diseased corals from the great barrier reef. journal of phycology 2008;44:526-538.
30. shao l, shu z, peng c-l, lin z-f, yang c-w, gu q: enhanced sensitivity of arabidopsis anthocyanin mutants to photooxidation : a study with fluorescence imaging. functional plant biology 2008;35:714-724.
31. shaw cm, lam pks, mueller jf: photosystem ii herbicide pollution in hong kong and its potential photosynthetic effects on corals marine pollution bulletin 2008;57:473-478.
32. 窦新永, 吴国江, 黄红英, 侯雨佳, 顾群, 彭长连: 麻枫树幼苗对干旱胁迫的响应. 应用生态学报 2008;19:1425-1430.
33. 李芸瑛, 窦新永, 彭长连: 三种濒危木兰植物幼树光合特性对高温的响应. 生态学报 2008;28:1-9.
34. 马守臣, 徐炳成, 李凤民, 黄占斌: 冬小麦（triticum aestivum）分蘖冗余生态学意义以及减少冗余对水分利用效率的影响. 生态学报 2008;28:321-326.
35. 施征, 史胜青, 肖文发, 齐力旺: 脱水胁迫对梭梭和胡杨苗叶绿素荧光特性的影响. 林业科学研究 2008;21:566-570.
36. guidi l, mori s, degl"innocenti e, pecchiab s: effects of ozone exposure or fungal pathogen on white lupin leaves as determined by imaging of chlorophyll a fluorescence plant physiology and biochemistry 2007:in press.
37. hennig a, bonfig k, roitsch t, warzecha h: expression of the recombinant bacterial outer surface protein a in tobacco chloroplasts leads to thylakoid localization and loss of photosynthesis. febs journal 2007;274:5749-5758.
38. hideg e, kos pb, vass i: photosystem ii damage induced by chemically generated singlet oxygen in tobacco leaves. physiologia plantarum 2007;131:33-40.
39. hideg é, schreiber u: parallel assessment of ros formation and photosynthesis in leaves by fluorescence imaging. photosynthesis research 2007;92:103-108.
40. lehr na, schrey sd, bauer r, hampp r, tarkka mt: suppression of plant defence response by a mycorrhiza helper bacterium. new phytologist 2007;174:892-903.
41. lenk s, chaerle l, pfündel ee, langsdorf g, hagenbeek d, lichtenthaler hk, van der straeten d, buschmann c: multispectral fluorescence and reflectance imaging at the leaf level and its possible applications. journal of experimental botany 2007;58:807-814.
42. orth t, reumann s, zhang x, fan j, wenzel d, quan s, hu j: the peroxin11 protein family controls peroxisome proliferation in arabidopsis. the plant cell 2007;19:333-350.
43. schreiber u, quayle p, schmidt s, escher bi, mueller jf: methodology and evaluation of a highly sensitive algae toxicity test based on multiwell chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. biosensors and bioelectronics 2007:in press.
44. solymosi k, vitányi b, hideg é, böddi b: etiolation symptoms in sunflower (helianthus annuus) cotyledons partially covered by the pericarp of the achene. annals of botany 2007;99:857-867.
45. ulstrup ke, kühl m, bourne dg: zooxanthellae harvested by ciliates associated with brown band syndrome of corals remain photosynthetically competent. applied and environmental microbiology 2007;73:1968-1975.
46. 邓培雁, 刘威, 韩博平: 宝山堇菜（viola baoshanensis）镉胁迫下的光合作用生态学报 2007;27:1858-1862.
47. 邓培雁, 刘威, 韩博平, 韩志国: 宝山堇菜（viola baoshanensis）、紫花地丁(v. yedoensis)光合异质性比较生态学报 2007;27:2983-2989.
48. 邓培雁, 刘威, 韩志国: 砷胁迫下蜈蚣草光合作用的变化. 生态环境 2007;16:775-778.
49. 高海波, 沈应柏: 用叶绿素荧光研究植物伤害信息的系统性传递. 湖北农业科学 2007;46:771-773.
50. aldea m, hamilton jg, resti jp, zangerl ar, berenbaum mr, frank td, delucia eh: comparison of photosynthetic damage from arthropod herbivory and pathogen infection in understory hardwood saplings. oecologia 2006;149:221-232.
51. bonfig kb, schreiber u, gabler a, roitsch t, berger s: infection with virulent and avirulent p. syringae strains differentially affects photosynthesis and sink metabolism in arabidopsis leaves planta 2006;225:1-12.
52. dima e, manetas y, psaras gk: chlorophyll distribution pattern in inner stem tissues: evidence from epifluorescence microscopy and reflectance measurements in 20 woody species trees 2006;20:515-521.
53. escher bi, quayle p, muller r, schreiber u, mueller jf: passive sampling of herbicides combined with effect analysis in algae using a novel high-throughput phytotoxicity assay (maxi-imaging-pam). journal of environmental monitoring 2006;8:456-464.
54. heddad m, norén h, reiser v, dunaeva m, andersson b, adamska i: differential expression and localization of early light-induced proteins in arabidopsis thaliana. plant physiology 2006:in press.
55. hölzl g, witt s, kelly aa, zähringer u, warnecke d, dörmann p, heinz e: functional differences between galactolipids and glucolipids revealed in photosynthesis of higher plants. proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 2006;103:7512-7517.
56. ivanov ag, hendrickson l, krol m, selstam e, öquist g, hurry v, huner npa: digalactosyl-diacylglycerol deficiency impairs the capacity for photosynthetic intersystem electron transport and state transitions in arabidopsis thaliana due to photosystem i acceptor-side limitations. plant cell and physiology 2006;47:1146-1157.
57. kaiser h, grams tee: rapid hydr-opassive opening and subsequent active stomatal closure follow heat-induced electrical signals in mimosa pudica. journal of experimental botany 2006;57:2087-2092.
58. kuster a, altenburger r: development and validation of a new fluorescence-based bioassay for aquatic macrophyte species. chemosphere 2006;67:194-201.
59. lohmann a, schottler ma, brehelin c, kessler f, bock r, cahoon eb, dormann p: deficiency in phylloquinone (vitamin k1) methylation affects prenyl quinone distribution, photosystem i abundance, and anthocyanin accumulation in the arabidopsis atmeng mutant. journal of biological chemistry 2006;281:40461-40472.
60. nagel ka, schurr u, walter a: dynamics of root growth stimulation in nicotiana tabacum in increasing light intensity. plant cell and environment 2006;29:1936-1945.
61. petit a-n, vaillant n, boulay m, clément c, fontaine f: alteration of photosynthesis in grapevines affected by esca. phytopathology 2006;96:1060-1066.
62. pieruschka r, schurr u, jensen m, wolff wf, jahnke s: lateral diffusion of co2 from shaded to illuminated leaf parts affects photosynthesis inside homobaric leaves. new phytologist 2006;169:779-788.
63. swarbrick pj, schulze-lefert p, scholes jd: metabolic consequences of susceptibility and resistance (race-specific and broad-spectrum) in barley leaves challenged with powdery mildew. plant cell and environment 2006;29:1061-1076.
64. vopel k, hawes i: photosynthetic performance of benthic microbial mats in lake hoare, antarctica. limnology and oceanography 2006;51:1801-1812.
65. 蔡马, 贺立红, 梁红: 2种银杏叶片叶绿素荧光特性的比较. 安徽农业科学 2006;34:3322-3324.
66. 巩擎柱, 吕金印, 徐柄成, 李凤民, 张海波: 水分胁迫和种植方式对小麦叶绿素荧光参数及水分利用效率的影响. 西北农林科技大学学报 2006;34:83-87.
67. 郭学民, 王贵禧, 高荣孚, 梁丽松: 果实表皮毛的扫描电镜观察及其对果实表面荧光特性的影响. 内蒙古农业大学学报 2006;27:43-47.
68. 贺立红, 贺立静, 顾群, 梁红: 银杏同一叶片不同部位叶绿素荧光特性的研究. 北方园艺 2006:27-29.
69. 贺立红, 贺立静, 梁红: 银杏不同品种叶绿素荧光参数的比较. 华南农业大学学报 2006;27:43-46.
70. aldea m, hamilton jg, resti jp, zangerl ar, berenbaum mr, delucia eh: indirect effects of insect herbivory on leaf gas exchange in soybean. plant cell and environment 2005;28:402-411.
71. baek m-h, kim j-h, chung by, kim j-s, lee is: alleviation of salt stress by low dose g-irradiation in rice. biologia plantarum 2005;49:273-276.
72. borisjuk l, nguyen th, neuberger t, rutten t, tschiersch h, claus b, feussner i, webb ag, jakob p, weber h, wobus u, rolletschek h: gradients of lipid storage, photosynthesis and plastid differentiation in developing soybean seeds. new phytologist 2005;163:761-776.
73. gog l, berenbaum mr, delucia eh, zangerl ar: autotoxic effects of essential oils on photosynthesis in parsley, parsnip, and rough lemon. chemoecology 2005;15:115-119.
74. kühl m, chen m, ralph pj, schreiber u, larkum awd: a niche for cyanobacteria containing chlorophyll d. nature 2005;433:820.
75. lautner s, grams tee, matyssek r, fromm j: characteristics of electrical signals in poplar and responses in photosynthesis. plant physiology 2005;138:2200-2209.
76. manetas y, pfanz h: spatial heterogeneity of light penetration through periderm and lenticels and concomitant patchy acclimation of corticular photosynthesis trees 2005;19:409-414.
77. marjanovic z, uwe n, hampp r: mycorrhiza formation enhances adaptive response of hybrid poplar to drought annals of the new york academy of sciences 2005;1048:496-499.
78. podola b, melkonian m: se-lective real-time herbicide monitoring by an array chip biosensor employing diverse microalgae. journal of applied phycology 2005;17:261-271.
79. ralph pj, macinnis-ng cmo, frankart c: fluorescence imaging application: effect of leaf age on seagrass photokinetics. aquatic botany 2005;81:69-84.
80. ralph pj, schreiber u, gademann r, kühl m, larkum awd: coral photobiology studied with a new imaging pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer. journal of phycology 2005;41:335-342.
81. berger s, papadopoulos m, schreiber u, kaiser w, roitsch t: complex regulation of gene expression, photosynthesis and sugar levels by pathogen infection in tomato. physiologia plantarum 2004;122:419-428.
82. hill r, larkum awd, frankart c, kühl m, ralph pj: loss of functional photosystem ii reaction centres in zooxanthellae of corals exposed to bleaching conditions: using fluorescence rise kinetics. photosynthesis research 2004;82:59-72.
83. hill r, schreiber u, gademann r, larkum awd, kühl m, ralph pj: spatial heterogeneity of photosynthesis and the effect of temperature-induced bleaching conditions in three species of corals. marine biology 2004;144:633-640.
84. podola b, nowack ecm, melkonian m: the use of multiple-strain algal sensor chips for the detection and identification of volatile organic compounds. biosensors and bioelectronics 2004;19:1253-1260.
85. koziolek c, grams tee, schreiber u, matyssek r, fromm j: transient knockout of photosynthesis mediated by electrical signals. new phytologist 2003;161:715-722.
86. schreiber u, walz h, kolbowski j: propagation of spatial variations of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in dandelion leaves induced by spot laser heating. pam news 2003.

产品咨询